2.INFRASTRUCTURE

Transport

Kyiv holds the central place in the transportation system of Ukraine, which has lately changed significantly and is now at the stage of reform. The transportation sector plays a key role in the processes of integration of Ukraine in the European Community. Major indices that characterize the work of the sector are given below.

Table 2.1. Major indices

Table 2.2. Freight (billion tons, km)

	1985	1990	1993	1994	1995	1996
Transport total	985.6	1039.3	647.1	593	544	452.0
motor	71.8	79.7	57.2	35.3	34.5	24.4
air	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
railway	497.9	474.0	246.4	200.4	195.8	163.4
sea	248.3	265.6	195.8	174.3	123.1	62.4
river	12.2	11.9	5.6	5.6	5.7	5.9
pipeline	155.2	208.0	169.1	177.6	184.9	95.9

Table 2.3. Passenger Transportation Distribution ( departure, mln passengers)

	1985	1990	1993	1994	1995	1996	% (1996)
Transport total	8838	9060	5318	4690	4074	3790	100
motor	8077	8331	4796	4040	3483	3241	85.5
air	13	15	2	2	2	2	0.5
railway	695	669	501	631	577	539	14.22
sea	29	26	11	10	8	5	0.13
river	24	19	8	7	4	3	0.1

Table 2.4. Cargo Transportation Distribution ( forwarding, mln t)

	1985	1990	1993	1994	1995	1996	% (1996)
Transport total	6118	6286	3651	2567	2456	1937	100
motor	4727	4897	2811	1869	1816	1364	70.4
air	0.3	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0
railway	1024	974	535	408	360	296	15.3
sea	56	53	29	26	21	14	0.7
river	57	66	25	20	13	8	0.4
pipeline	254	296	251	244	246	255	13.2

Table 2.5. Averange Passenger Transportation Distance by Kind of Transport ( km )

	1985	1990	1993	1994	1995	1996
motor (bus)	11	11	10	10	10	10
air	988	1083	1654	1770	1723	1691
railway	101	124	148	112	110	110
sea (international traffic)	2558	3301	2753	594	698	479
river	-	-	1600	1242	-	670

Table 2.6. Average Distance of 1-ton Cargo Transportation ( km )

	1985	1990	1993	1994	1995	1996
motor	15	1+6	20	19	19	18
railway	486	486	461	492	544	552
sea	4396	4989	6793	6797	5921	4388
river	216	181	221	282	442	768
pipeline	612	703	675	727	753	770

Motor Transport

Motor transportation plays a special part in the transportation sector. Being highly mobile, able to transport both passengers and various cargoes "from door to door," motor transport is the most efficient both in small-sized and large-scale business. One can state that the establishment of favorable conditions for the operation of motor transport restores the economic efficiency and growth of the economy as a whole.

In Kyiv, the number of motor cars as of early 1997 relative to early 1996 increased more than 1.5 times and was 333,500 cars, which is about 127 cars per 1,000.

In 1997, Kyiv-based automobile facilities of all the forms of ownership transported 14.8 million tons of cargoes (90.6% of the 1996's level). The decrease in the volume of transportation was about 2 million tons. The volume of non-passenger traffic increased more than 1.5 times relative to 1996 due to an enlarged volume of international traffic.

By motor transport, 265 million passengers were transported in 1997; this is 73% of the level of 1996. Beginning in July 1997, the volume of traffic increased monthly due to minibuses owned by commercial entities that appeared on bus routs. As of yet, however, they cannot compete with large-scale state-owned enterprises (the share of the private sector is as low as 1.5% of the overall volume of traffic).

Table 2.7.Work of Kyiv-based Motor Car Facilities in 1997

Table 2.8.Motor Route Distances between Kyiv and Capital Cities of Neighboring States (km)

Bratislava (Slovakia)	1364
Budapest (Hungary)	1148
Bucharest (Romania)	1124
Warsaw (Poland)	783
Kishinev (Moldova)	476
Minsk (Byelarus)	573
Moscow (Russia)	858

Table 2.9. Motor Route Distances between Kyiv and Major Ukrainian Cities(km)

	Distances			Distances
Kyiv-			Kyiv-
Vinnytsia	266		Odessa	480
Dnipropetrovsk	479		Poltava	343
Donetsk	729		Rivne	324
Zhytomyr	140		Sevastopol	939
Zaporizhia	568		Sympheropool	852
Ivano-Frankivsk	599		Sumy	339
Izmail	695		Ternopil	465
Kerch	989		Uzhorod	819
Kirovohrad	299		Kharkiv	487
Luhansk	836		Kherson	584
Lutsk	398		Khmelnitsky	348
Lviv	544		Chercasy	201
Mariupol	790		Chernivtsi	538
Mycolaiv	517		Chernigiv	151

Air Transport

There are two airports in Kyiv, Boryspil and Zhulyany. Boryspil services international air routs mainly, and Zhulyany services mainly inland air routs.

The airport of Boryspil is located at a distance of 38.6 kilometers from Kyiv. There are representative offices of airlines from many countries of the world there.

The airport of Zhulyany is located within the borders of the city.

International flights are serviced by a number of both domestic ("Avialinii Ukrainy," "Mizhnarodni Avialinii Ukrainy") and foreign ("Lufthansa," "AirFrance," "Finnair," "KLM," etc.) companies.

In general, air transport of Ukraine transported 1,406,100 passengers between January and September 1997, this is 91.0% of the respective last year's index. State-owned airlines transported 1,192,000 passengers, non-state-owned airlines transported 214,100 passengers (86,7% and 126.2% relative to the respective indices of 1996). The proportion of the non-state sector is 15.2%.

The number of passengers transported by international flights in January-September 1997 was 1,143,700. The proportion of passenger traffic in the international transportation was 81.3%. This is down 12.2% compared to the proportion of international passenger traffic in the respective period of 1996.

Passenger turnover in January-September 1997 totaled 2,407.6 million passenger kilometers, which is 85.1% of the respective index of the pervious year. The proportion of the non-state sector was 21.7%.

The number of passengers departed from Ukrainian airports was 1,246,900 (92.9% of the previous year's figure). The volume of cargo traffic forwarded from Ukrainian airports totaled 5,200 tons (65.6% relative to the previous year).

The volume of cargo traffic was 36,100 tons, which is down 13.4% compared to 1996. The share of cargo traffic in the international transportation was 93.4% in the first 9 months of 1997; however, it increased compared to the previous year by 5.0%. The share of the non-state sector in the overall volume of cargo traffic was 75.2%.

The number of flights implemented by Ukrainian airplanes totaled 39,554, including 19,104 international flights. The number of inland flights increased compared to 1996 by 1.4%, the number of international flights was down 16.3%.

Table 2.10. Work of the Kyiv Airport Zhulyany

Beginning in September 1992, when Ukraine joined the Chicago Convention of IKAO, a number of positive changes occurred in the civil aviation of Ukraine, which allowed our young independent state to join the world aviation community as a full-fledged member. The upgrading of planes used for trans-Atlantic flights, modernization of airport infrastructure -- these are urgent challenges to be attacked. A prompt solution of these and other problems faced by the civil aviation, comprehensive development of fruitful cooperation with IKAO, active participation in European regional international organizations of civil aviation -- this is the way for Ukraine that will foster further integration in the world aviation system and testify to Ukraine's recognition as a developed aviation state.

Railway transport

Being the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv is the key point of the circuit of the main railway lines of the country. The state administration of the railway transport of Ukraine (UkrZaliznytsya) is based in Kyiv.

UkrZaliznytsya consists of 6 railroads; 17,761 stations; more than 430 roundhouses, divisions, 68 cargo loading roundhouses, and 235 technical service stations. The number of employees is 600,000.

Ukrainian railway traffic is implemented using two kinds of traction -- electric and diesel traction. The operation length of the roads using electric traction is 8,395 km, including 3,819 km where alternative electricity is applied.

There are 54 basic railways marshaling yards and a number of smaller yards where trains are formed in keeping with a single plan. Cargoes are transported with the use of stations open for loading operations. Servicing of passengers is provided by specialized passenger terminals as well as loading terminals equipped with passenger car stocks.

Tracks are characterized by the following indices: 63,731 switches, 13,878 kilometers of steamless tracks, 55,196,000 cross ties.

Average weight of rails at main tracks is 64.1 kg/linear meter, average gross freight density is 27.2 million ton kilometers/kilometer per year, the share of heat-strengthened tracks is 46.1%

The freight car service provides servicing of 224,100 freight cars and 10,600 passenger cars (local not included) of various types. The passenger service provides servicing of 123 main stations, more than 10,600 passenger cars (local not included), nearly 800 locomotives.

Every day, 262 passenger trains are formed in Ukraine, whose average commercial speed is 52-60 kilometers/hour. Average length of a trip is 109.7 km, with the long-distance mobility of the population being 4,101 per citizen.

As regards electricity and power supply, 38% of the network was electrified as of 1 January 1997 (55% with alternating direct current and 45% with alternating current). The length of electrified is 8,595 km.

In the first nine months of 1997, the volume of traffic continued to decrease in Ukraine. The decrease in cargo forwarded in January-September 1997 was 2.6% (17.1% in 1996).

Passenger traffic continues to decrease. During the first 9 months of 1997, it declined by 8.5%, in the respective period of the previous year the decrease was 6.3%. The 8.5% decrease in the passenger traffic is attributable to a 13.3% decrease in transit traffic.

Table 2.11. Rail Road Distances between Kyiv and Capital Cities of Neighboring States (km)

Bratislava (Slovakia)	1443
Budapest (Hungary)	1237
Bucharest (Romania)	1133
Warsaw (Poland)	798
Kishinev (Moldova)	698
Minsk (Byelarus)	624
Moscow (Russia)	672

Table 2.12. Rail Road Distances between Kyiv and Major Ukrainian Cities (km)

	Distances			Distances
Kyiv-			Kyiv-
Vinnytsia	221		Odessa	654
Dnipropetrovsk	592		Poltava	351
Donetsk	861		Rivne	391
Zhytomyr	166		Sevastopol	1008
Zaporizhia	738		Sympheropool	1074
Ivano-Frankivsk	716		Sumy	350
Izmail	941		Ternopil	486
Kerch	1174		Uzhorod	863
Kirovohrad	484		Kharkiv	491
Luhansk	813		Kherson	648
Lutsk	469		Khmelnitsky	371
Lviv	627		Chercasy	240
Mariupol	842		Chernivtsi	594
Mycolaiv	602		Chernigiv	209

The main direction of the provision of competitiveness of railroad transport is the development of a network of international transport corridors with upgrading their parameters to comply with international standards, which in turn will give an opportunity to realize Ukraine's potential as regards the provision of the shortest routs for international freight flows, significantly accelerate and make cheaper the international transportation of passengers and traffic of exports and imports.

River Transport

The port of Kyiv is situated on the right bank of the Dnieper river at a distance of 856 kilometers of its mouth. The area of the port, including the rivers of Dnieper, Prypyat, and Desna, covers 391 kilometers.

An average duration of the navigation period is 265 days. Loading facilities located in the Kyiv harbor have a 4-km approach channel, 3.65 m in depth and 60 m in width. The draft of ships in the port is restricted by the depth of the Dnieper river and must not exceed 3.5 meters in the fresh water.

The port is specialized in processing cargoes, local traffic of cargoes and passengers.

The mooring line of the port, including 3 loading facilities, other wharves and docks, constitutes 56 piers 3,202 m in length, including 1,948 m of established wharves with the depth of 2.5-3.5 m.

Transshipping facilities include: gantry cranes with the carrying capacity ranging between 5 and 20 tons, floating cranes with the carrying capacity ranging between 5 and 16 tons, hydrosandlaoders, other loading equipment.

The port has a passenger terminal, passenger fleet, dry-cargo (both self-propelled and non-self-propelled) fleet, tug boats with the capacity of 440 kWt, and auxiliary vessels (bunkering boats, water carrying boats, cleaning stations, etc.).

The port has railway and automobile approaches connected with main rods of the country.

Vessels arriving at the port receive agent servicing, maintenance, and repairs.

Table 2.13. Work of the Kyiv River Port in January-December 1997

	January-December 1997	January-December 1997 to January-December 1996, %
Volume of cargo transported (thousand tons)
River port	1059.9	119.7
UkrRichFlot JSC	4980.5	114.5
Transport-exploitation agencies	223.7	*
Cargo traffic (thousand ton-kilometers)
River port	25888.6	28.8
UkrRichFlot JSC	5215710.2	90.7
Transport-exploitation agencies	66433.7	*
Number of passengers transported (thousands)
UkrRichFlot JSC	98.5	90.3
River-transport-passenger agencies	52.4	121.6
Passenger traffic (thousand passenger kilometers)
UkrRichFlot JSC	10654.5	65.1
River-transport-passenger agencies	1087.9	99.3
Cargoes processed (thousand tons)
River Port	2445.0	150.2
Transport-exploitation agencies	220.0	*
Number of vessels handled
River Port	2397	120.6
Transport-exploitation agencies	153	*

Table 2.14. Distance between the Kyiv Port and Major Ports on the Dnieper River, km

	Distances			Distances
Kyiv-			Kyiv-
Chernihiv	214		Dniprodzerginsk	427
Cherkasy	203		Dnipropetrovsk	463
Kremenchug	315		Zaporizhia	548
Komsomolsk- na-Dnipry	335		Kherson	828
			Nova Kahovka	760